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India ki Emergency: Kyun Hua Tha Aur Kaise Guzra Daur?: Bharat ke itihaas mein 25 June 1975 ek aisi tareekh hai jise shayad hi koi bhool paaye. Is din, tatkalin Pradhan Mantri Indira Gandhi ne desh mein "Emergency" (Aapatkaal) ki ghoshna ki thi. Ye 21 mahine ka woh samay tha jab loktantra par ek gehra saya pad gaya tha, aur nagrik adhikaaron ko buri tarah se dabaya gaya tha. Lekin sawaal ye hai ki aakhir Emergency kyun hua tha aur is dauran desh mein kya-kya hua? Chaliye, iss gahre aur mahatvapurna adhyay ko vistar se samajhte hain.
India mein Emergency kyun lagaya gaya tha?
Emergency ke kai (complex) kaaran the, jinhe ek point mein samjhna mushkil hai. Ye Rajneetik (political), Samajik (social) aur Arthik (economic) paristhitiyon ka mishran tha
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1. Rajneetik Astar Par Badhti Ashanti aur Virodh
- Gujarat aur Bihar Andolan: 1973-74 ke dauran, Gujarat aur Bihar mein badhti mehangai, bhrashtachar aur berozgaari ke khilaaf bade student आंदोलन (movements) shuru hue. Jayaprakash Narayan (JP) jaise netaon ne in aandolano ko netritva diya aur "Sampoorna Kranti" (Total Revolution) ka nara diya, jiska uddeshya vyavastha mein bade badlav lana tha. In aandolano ne sarkaar par bhari dabav dala.
- Railway Strike (1974): George Fernandes ke netritva mein hue railway karmachariyon ki hadtal ne desh ki arthvyavastha par gehra asar dala. Indira Gandhi sarkaar ne is hadtal ko sakhti se dabaya.
- Nyaypalika aur Sarkaar ke Beech Tanav: Supreme Court aur Sarkaar ke beech kai muddo par takraar chal rahi thi, khaaskar Kesavananda Bharati case ke baad jismein nyaypalika ne samvidhan ke "mool dhaanche" (basic structure) ko badalne se roka tha.
2. Allahabad High Court Ka Faisla
- 12 June 1975 ko, Allahabad High Court ke Justice Jagmohanlal Sinha ne Indira Gandhi ke 1971 ke Lok Sabha chunav ko avaidh ghoshit kar diya. Ye faisla Raj Narain ki ek yachika par aaya tha, jinhone Indira Gandhi par chunavi aniyamitataon ka aarop lagaya tha. Is faisle ke baad unki sansad sadasyata (MP-ship) chinn jaane ka khatra tha aur un par pradhan mantri pad chhodne ka dabav badh gaya tha. Iss faisle ko Emergency ka tatkaalik kaaran mana jaata hai.
3. Bhitri Suraksha Ka Bahana
- Sarkaar ne Emergency lagane ke peeche "bhitri gadbadi" (internal disturbance) aur desh ki suraksha ko khatra bataya. Unka tark tha ki virodhi dal desh mein anishchitta aur avyavastha faila rahe hain, jisse desh ki suraksha ko khatra hai.
Emergency Ke Dauran India me Kya Hua?
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25 June 1975 ki subah Emergency ki ghoshna ke saath hi Bharat ka chehra badal gaya. Agle 21 mahino mein jo hua, woh kisi loktantrik desh ke liye ek kala adhyay tha
1. Nagrik Adhikaaron Ka Daman
- Maulik Adhikaaron ka निलंबन (Suspension): Sanvidhan ke Article 19 (bhashan aur abhivyakti ki azadi, sangathan banane ki azadi aadi) ko nilambit kar diya gaya. Iska matlab tha ki logon ke bolne, likhne aur ikattha hone ki azadi chinn li gayi.
- MISA Act Ka Durupyog: Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA) ka bade paimane par durupyog kiya gaya. Hazaaron ki sankhya mein Rajneetik netaon, samajik karyakartaon aur patrakaron ko bina kisi muqaddame ke girftar kar liya gaya. Jayaprakash Narayan, Morarji Desai, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Lal Krishna Advani aur dusre bade netaon ko jail mein daal diya gaya.
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2. Media Par Sakht Pratibandh (Censorship)
- Akhbaron aur magazines par kadi censorship laga di gayi. Koi bhi khabar sarkaar ki anumati ke bina publish nahi ki ja sakti thi. Jis din Emergency lagi, us raat kai akhbaron ki bijli kaat di gayi takki woh agle din ki khabar na chhap saken.
- Media ko sarkaar ke paksh mein khabarein dene ke liye majboor kiya gaya.
3. Bal Purvak Nasbandi (Forced Sterilization)
- Ye Emergency ka ek bahut hi vivadit aur dukhdayak pehlu tha. Abadi niyantran ke naam par, sarkaar ne, khaaskar Sanjay Gandhi ke netritva mein, logon ki bal purvak nasbandi karani shuru kar di. Ismein hazaaron logon ko zabardasti pakad kar nasbandi camps mein le jaya gaya, jismein kai logon ki jaan bhi chali gayi aur isne bade paimane par aam janta mein dar aur gussa paida kiya.
4. Delhi Mein Vidhvans aur Safai Abhiyan
Purani Dilli ke Turkman Gate aur dusre ilakon mein jhuggiyan aur dukanein hatane ke naam par bade paimane par vighatan (demolition) abhiyan chalaya gaya, jisse hazaaron log beghar ho gaye.
5. Sanvaidhanik Sanshodhan (Constitutional Amendments)
Emergency ke dauran kai bade sanvaidhanik sanshodhan kiye gaye, jinmein 42nd Amendment sabse mahatvapurna tha. Ismein loktantrik dhancha kamzor karne aur sarkaar ki shaktiyon ko badhane ki koshish ki gayi thi. Ise "Mini Constitution" bhi kaha jaata hai.
Emergency Ka Ant Aur Uske Parinaam
Emergency ko 21 mahino baad, 21 March 1977 ko khatm kiya gaya. Iske baad Lok Sabha chunav hue, jismein janta ne Congress ko buri tarah haraya. Pehli baar, ek गैर-कांग्रेसी (non-Congress) sarkaar, Janata Party, satta mein aayi jiske Pradhan Mantri Morarji Desai bane.
Emergency ne Bharatiya loktantra par gehre nishan chhode. Isne logon ko apne adhikaaron aur swatantrata ke mahatva ka ehsaas dilaya. Iske baad, bharat mein loktantrik sansthaon ko mazboot karne aur aapatkaal jaise halaat se bachne ke liye kai kadam uthaye gaye. Emergency aaj bhi ek warning ki tarah hai ki loktantra kitna nazuk ho sakta hai aur iski raksha karna kitna zaroori hai.
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About the Author:
Kaif Ansari
